Vergil’s Experience of Dispossession and his Sympathy for Migrants and Exiles
Covi, Madeline. “Dido in Vergil’s Aeneid.” The Classical Journal 60.2 (1964): 57-60.
Dyck, Andrew. “Sychaeus.” Phoenix 37.3 (1983): 239-244.
Khan, Akbar. “Exile and the Kingdom: Creusa’s Revelations and Aeneas’ Departure from Troy.” Latomus 60.4 (2001): 906-915.
Leach, Eleanor. Vergil’s Eclogues: Landscapes of Experience. London: Cornell University Press, 1974. 113-142.
Levi, Peter. Virgil: His Life and Times. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. 13-43.
Maro, Publius Vergilius. Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid 1-6. Edited by George Gould. Translated by H. Rushton Faircough. Cabridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 24-31.
Rose, Herbert. The Eclogues of Vergil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1942. 45-68.
Slavitt, David. Virgil. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. 3-17.
Smith, Riggs. The Primacy of Vision in Virgil’s Aeneid. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. 77-82.
Images
Guerin, Pierre-Narcisse. Dido and Aeneas. 1815. Oil on canvas. 292 x 390 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.
Hollar, Wenceslaus and Pierre Lombard. Aeneas Encounters Creusa, 1697. Copper plate engraving within Drydens’ The Works of Virgil: Containing his Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis. Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Special Collections, 2014.
Hollar, Wenceslaus and Pierre Lombard. Tityrus and Meliboeus, 1697. Copper plate engraving within Drydens’ The Works of Virgil: Containing his Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis. Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Special Collections, 2014.
Hollar, Wenceslaus and Pierre Lombard. Virgilius, 1697. Copper plate engraving within Drydens’ The Works of Virgil: Containing his Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis. Colby College, ME: Special Collections, 2014.
Roman Gold Aureus of Augustus, 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E. Struck in 19 BC, in celebration of Victory. <http://www.romanemperors.com/augustus.htm>. accessed 20 Feb. 2015.
Tityrus Meets Meliboeus. 1469. Vellum within Vergil’s Eclogues with a commentary by Servius. Bibliotheque Municipale, Dijon, France.
Wicar, Jean-Baptiste Joseph. Virgil Reading the “Aeneid” to Augustus, Octavia, and Livia. 1793. Oil on canvas. 43 ¾ x 56 1/8 in. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
Winners or Losers, Colonists or Exiles: What is Roman Identity?
Arno, Claudia. “How Romans Became ‘Roman’: Creating Identity in an Expanding World.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2012.
Bell, Sinclair, ed. Role Models in the Roman World: Identity and Assimilation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Vergil’s Aeneid: Modern Critical Interpretations. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.
Stahl, Hans-Peter, ed. Vergil’s Aeneid: Augustan Epic and Political Context. London: Duckworth, 1998.
Images
Aeneas Latium, 140-150 AD. Marble, 14.6in x 24 in. British Museum, London. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Bouguereau, William-Adolphe. The Remorse of Orestes. 1862. Oil on canvas. 227cm x 278cm. Chrysler Museum of Art, Norflolk, Virgina. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Remorse_of_Orestes_%281862%29.jpg>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Boulogne, Bon de. Abduction of Helen of Troy (Enlèvement D’Hélène). 1649-1717. Oil on Canvas. Musee Bonnat, Bayonne, France.
Barocci, Federico. Aeneas’ Flight from Troy. 1598. Oil on Canvas. Galleria Borghese, Rome. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Flag of the East Roman Empire. 705-1265. Flag. <http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Roman_Empire_(East)_705-1265.png>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Giordano, Luca. Enea Vince Turno, 17th Century. Oil on Canvas. 176 cm x 236 cm. Galleria Corsini, Florence. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Carthaginians as Migrants and Colonizers
Adcock, F.E. “Delenda Est Carthago.” Cambridge Historical Journal 8.3 (1946): 117-128.
Adler, Eve. Vergil’s Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. 17-40.
Austin, R.G., ed. “Various Pages,” P. Vergili Maronis Aeneidos, Liber Primus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. 124- 138.
Austin, R.G., ed. “P. Vergili Maronis Aeneidos, Liber Primus.” In Various Pages, 124- 138. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Lansel, Serge. Carthage: a History. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995. 1-427.
Miles, Richard. Carthage Must be Destroyed. New York: Penguin, 2010. 58-81.
Reed, J.D. Virgil’s Gaze: Nation and Poetry in the Aeneid. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007. 73-100.
Soren, David, Aicha Ben Abed, Ben Khader, and Hedi Slim. Carthage: Uncovering the Mysteries and Splendors of Ancient Tunisia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. 17- 47.
Images
Aeneas and Dido, circa 340 AD. Mosaic, 430 cm. x 430cm. Low Ham Roman Villa, Somerset, England. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Ham_Roman_Villa>, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Cayot, Claude-Augustin. The Death of Dido. 1711. Marble. 86 cm. x 55 cm. x 59 cm. Musée de Louvre, Paris.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg>, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Columns of what is believed to be palaestra (athletes’ training area) at the Al Mina excavation area. 2006. Tyre, Lebanon. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon>, accessed 6. 2014.
de Troy, François. The Feast of Dido and Aeneas. 1704. Oil on canvas. 160.5 cm. x 202.5 cm. < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Feast_of_Dido_and_Aeneas_by_François_de_Troy,_1704.jpg >, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Guérin, Pierre-Narcisse. Aeneas tells Dido about the Fall of Troy. 1815. Oil on canvas. 292 cm. x 390 cm. Musée de Louvre, Paris. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas>, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. “Oikistes.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (2012). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04222/asset/wbeah04222.pdf?v=1&t=i6y4k8zt&s=bd8d79888d92046030536ba9dbef7b1ce34fde26&systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+7th+March+from+10%3A00-13%3A00+GMT+%2805%3A00-08%3A00+EST%29+for+essential+maintenance.++Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.
Turner, JMW. Dido Building Carthage, or The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire. 1815. Oil on canvas. 155.5 in. x 230 in. National Collection, London. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage>, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Immigration and Foundation Stories in Classical Myth
Bacon, Helen. “Mortal Father, Divine Mother: Aeneid VI and VIII.” Poets and Critics Read Vergil. Edited by Sarah Spence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. 76-85.
Berman, Daniel W. “The Double Foundation of Boiotian Thebes.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 134 (2004): 1-22.
Brinkman, John A. “The Foundation Legends in Vergil.” The Classical Journal 54 (1958): 25-33.
Burn, Lucilla. Greek Myths. Avon: British Museum Press, 1990.
Cairns, Francis. Virgil’s Augustan Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.
Gardner, Jane F. Roman Myths. Avon: British Museum Press, 1993.
Images
Del Pollaiuolo, Antonio. Hercules and the Hydra, 1475. Oil tempera on panel. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules#mediaviewer/File:Antonio_del_Pollaiolo_-_Ercole_e_l%27Idra_e_Ercole_e_Anteo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014.
Goltzius, Hendrick. Cadmus Fighting the Dragon, 1573- 1617. Oil on Canvas, 189cm x 248cm. <http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmos#mediaviewer/File:Hendrick_Goltzius_Cadmus_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst_1183.jpg>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014.
Lorrain, Claude. Arrival of Aeneas in Italy, the Dawn of the Roman Empire, 17th century. Oil on Canvas, 53.54 in x 39.66 in. Pushkin Museum, Moscow, Russia. <http://www.claudelorrain.org/Arrival-of-Aeneas-in-Italy,-the-Dawn-of-the-Roman-Empire-large.html>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014.
Map of Aeneas’ Journey. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid#mediaviewer/File:Aeneae_exsilia.png>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014
The Capitoline She-Wolf with the Boys Romulus and Remus, 5th century. Bronze, 75cm. Museo Nuovo,Rome. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014.
Troschel, Julius. Amphion and Zethus. 1840- 1850. Marble. Neue Pinkothek, München. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphion_and_Zethus#mediaviewer/File:Julius_Troschel_Zethus_und_Amphion_1840-50.jpg>, accessed 3 Nov. 2014.
Mythological Models of Migration
Avery, William T. “Augustus and the ‘Aeneid.’” The Classical Journal 52.5 (1957): 225- 29.
Galinsky, G.K. “Hercules in the Aeneid.” Oxford Readings in Vergil’s Aeneid. Edited by S.J. Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 275- 94.
Hardie, Philip R. Vergil’s Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Hansen, William. “Herakles (Latinized Form Hercules).” In Classical Mythology. 189- 96. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Hansen, William. “Olympians (Greek Olympioi).” In Classical Mythology. 250- 51. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Hansen, William. “Kronos (Roman Saturn).” In Classical Mythology, 216 – 217. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Schiebe, Marianne Wifstrand. “The Saturn of the ‘Aeneid’- Tradition or Innovation?” Vergilius 32 (1986): 43 – 60.
Sutton, Dana. “The Greek Origins of the Cacus Myth.” The Classical Quarterly 27.2 (1977): 391.
Virgil. Aeneid, Book VIII. Edited by K.W. Gransden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Images
Bandinelli, Bartolommeo. Hercules and Cacus. 1534. Marble sculpture. 505 cm. Piazza della Signoria, Florence.
Beham, Sebald. Killing a Fire-Breathing Cacus. 1545. Engraving within The Labours of Hercules (1542- 1548).
Cranach, Lucas. The Golden Age. c. 1530. Oil painting on panel. 73.5 cm x 105.3 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
Da Caravaggio, Polidoro. Saturnus. 1592. Engraving. 34.7 x 21 cm.
Da Cortona, Pietro. The Golden Age. 1637. Fresco. Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
Giordano, Luca. Aeneas Defeats Turnus. c. 1670. Oil on canvas. 176 × 236 cm. Palazzo Corsini al Parione, Florence.
Gossart, Jan. Hercules Killing Cacus. c. 1520. Drawing in pen and brush and brown ink over black chalk. 36.7 cm x 5.45 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
Goya, Francisco. Saturn Devouring his Son. 1819 – 1823. Oil mural transferred to canvas. 146 cm × 83 cm. Prado Museum, Madrid.
Heracles Fighting Geryon (Dying Eurytion on the Ground). C. 540BC. On the Side of an Attic Black-Figure Amphora. Le Louvre Museum, Paris. <http://tobaccopipeartistory.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-gallic-cult-of-hercules.html>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Possible Return Route of Hercules with Cattle of Geryon. <http://hellenicperiod.blogspot.com/2010/11/labors-of-hercules.html>, accessed 6 Mar. 2014
Poussin, Nicholas. Landscape with Hercules and Cacus. 1658 – 59 . Oil on canvas. 156.5 cm x 202 cm. Pushkin Museum, Moscow.
Statue of Hercules in Gilded Bronze. 2nd century BC. Gilded Bronze Statue. 241cm. Musei Capitolini, Rome. <http://en.museicapitolini.org/collezioni/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/esedra_di_marco_aurelio/statua_di_ercole_in_bronzo_dorato>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Taillasson, Jean-Joseph. Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia. 1787. 147.2 cm × 166.9 cm. National Gallery, London.
Aeneas in America
Alexander, Caroline. “Out of Context.” New York Times, April 6, 2011.
CollegeBoard. “AP Latin Course Home Page.” Last modified November 5, 2014.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/2260.html.
Dunlap, David. “A Memorial Inscription’s Grim Origins.” New York Times, April 2, 2014.
Gummere, Richard M. The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition: Essays in Comparative Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Reinhold, Meyer. “Vergil in the American Experience from Colonial Times to 1882.” In Vergil at 2000: Commemorative Essays on the Poet and his Influence, edited by John D. Bernard, 185- 205. (New York: AMS Press, 1986).
Shields, John C. The American Aeneas: Classical Origins of the American Self. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001.
Wiltshire, Susan Ford. “Aeneas in America,” Vergilius 25 (1979): 2-9.
Images
Arad, Michael, Daniel Libeskind, and Peter Walker. “NO DAY SHALL ERASE YOU FROM THE MEMORY OF TIME Virgil Aeneid,” 2011. Steal, 60 ft. National September 11 Memorial & Museum, New York. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/nyregion/an-inscription-taken-out-of-poetic-context-and-placed-on-a-9-11-memorial.html>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste. Statue of Liberty, 1886. Copper, 46m x 93m. Liberty Island, New York City. < http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/celebrate-the-statue-of-liberty-turning-125-in-new-york/Content?oid=2188561>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.
Cayot, Claude-Augustin. The Death of Dido, 1711. Marble. 86 cm. x 55 cm. x 59 cm. Musée de Louvre, Paris.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg>, accessed 6 Dec. 2014.
Giordano, Luca. Aeneas Defeats Turnus, c. 1670. Oil on canvas. 176 × 236 cm. Palazzo Corsini al Parione, Florence.
Pharr, Clyde, and Virgil. Vergil’s Aeneid. Boston: D.C. Health, 1964. Cover.
Roman, Jean-Baptiste. Nisus and Euryalus, 1827. Marble. 167cm x 140cm x 80cm. Musée de Louvre, Paris. < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nisos_Euryalos_Louvre_LL450_n2.jpg>, accessed 6 Mar. 2015.