LESSON PLAN
A verb is a word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of being.
There are four aspects to every verb: the person, the conjugation, the mood, and the tense.
THE PERSON indicates the subject that does the action, and can be categorized as first person (the speaker), second person (the addressee), or third person (others).
Singular Plural 1st Person Io I Noi We 2nd Person Tu You Voi You 3rd Person Lui/lei He/she Loro They [jaccordion size=”xsmall” theme=”smoothness” active=”0″]
EXAMPLES::Io mangio una pizza.
I eat a pizza.
Person: 1st singularVoi mangiate una pizza.
You (pl.) eat a pizza.
Person: 2nd pluralLui mangia una pizza.
He eats a pizza.
Person: 3rd singular[/jaccordion]
THE CONJUGATION determines the pattern of verb endings within each mood or tense. Italian verbs distinguished by the endings of the infinitive form of the verb (-are, -ere, or -ire).
1st Conjugation Verbs ending in -ARE 2nd Conjugation Verbs ending in -ERE 3rd Conjugation Verbs ending in -IRE [jaccordion size=”xsmall” theme=”smoothness” active=”0″]
EXAMPLES::Parlare (to speak), alzarsi (to get up)
Conjugation: 1stVivere (to live), mettersi (to put on)
Conjugation: 2nd
Sentire (to hear), divertirsi (to have fun)
Conjugation: 3rd[/jaccordion]
THE MOOD indicates the speaker’s attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.)
Infinito Most basic form of a verbIt that expresses the concept of the verb without expressing the tense or the person. Indicativo Makes a definitive statement or ask a question Condizionale Expresses something that could or would happen given a certain condition (if this, then that) Congiuntivo Expresses an opinion, doubt/uncertainty, emotion, fear, wish, hope, or necessity Imperativo Makes a command Participio Used to form a compound tense Gerundio Expresses a continuous action (English equivalent: -ing) [jaccordion size=”xsmall” theme=”smoothness” active=”0″]
EXAMPLES::Voglio mangiare una pizza.
I want to eat a pizza.
Mood: InfinitoMangio una pizza.
I eat a pizza.
Mood: IndicativoSe ho fame, mangerei una pizza.
If I was hungry, I would eat a pizza.
Mood: CondizionaleQuando ho fame, è necessario che io mangia una pizza.
When I am hungry, it is necessary that I eat a pizza.
Mood: CongiuntivoMangiamo una pizza!
Let’s eat a pizza!
Mood: ImperativoHo mangiato una pizza ieri.
I ate a pizza yesterday.
Mood: ParticipioSto mangiando una pizza.
I am eating a pizza.
Mood: Gerundio[/jaccordion]
THE TENSE indicates when the action happens (past, present, or future).
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EXAMPLES::Io ho mangiato una pizza.
I ate a pizza.
Tense: PastIo mangio una pizza.
I eat a pizza.
Tense: Present
Io mangerò una pizza.
I will eat a pizza.
Tense: Future[/jaccordion]
Verbs usually come directly after the subject of the sentence, but since person is often reflected in the conjugated form of a verb, the subject is sometimes inferred.
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EXAMPLES::Io mangio una pizza.
I eat a pizza.
Placement: After the subjectMangio una pizza.
I eat a pizza.
Placement: Without the subject[/jaccordion]
Verbs can take on many different forms that depend on the person, conjugation, mood, and tense.
THE INFINITIVE MOOD expresses the concept of the verb without expressing the tense or the person. Verbs in the infinitive can end in either -are, -ere, or -ire.
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EXAMPLES::Voglio cantare una canzone.
I want to sing a song.
Form: -AREVoglio correre nel parco.
I want to run in the park.
Form: -ERE
Voglio partire a Milano alle dieci.
I want to leave for Milan at ten.
Form: -IRE[/jaccordion]
THE INDICATIVE MOOD expresses definitive statements or questions. Verbs in the infinitive can take place in the past, present, or future.
- The indicativo presente expresses an action that is happening in the present or near future. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the indicativo presente ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE -ISC IO o o o isco TU i i i isci LUI/LEI a e e isce NOI iamo iamo iamo iamo VOI ate ete ite ite LORO ano ono ono iscono
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO canto I sing TU canti You sing LUI/LEI canta He/she sing NOI cantiamo We sing VOI cantate You sing LORO cantano They sing Julia canta molto.
Julia sings a lot.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO corro I run TU corri You run LUI/LEI corre He/she runs NOI corriamo We run VOI correte You run LORO corrono They run Joe e Margaret corrono molto.
Joe and Margaret run a lot.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO parto I leave TU parti You leave LUI/LEI parte He/she leave NOI partiamo We leave VOI partite You leave LORO partono They leave Sarah parte alle nove per i lezioni.
Sarah leaves at nine for class.Example for -ISC:
FINIRE (to finish) IO finisco I finish TU finisci You finish LUI/LEI finisce He/she finish NOI finiamo We finish VOI finite You finish LORO finiscono They finish Io finisco i compiti velocemente.
I finish my homework quickly.
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- The passato prossimo expresses an action that has been completed. It is formed by combining the indicativo presente form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
AVERE IO ho + past participle TU hai + past participle LUI/LEI ha + past participle NOI abbiamo + past participle VOI avete + past participle LORO hanno + past participle Endings Using Essere:
ESSERE IO sono + past participle TU sai + past participle LUI/LEI e' + past participle NOI siamo + past participle VOI siete + past participle LORO sono + past participle [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example Using Avere:
COMPRARE (to buy) IO ho comprato I bought TU hai comprato You bought LUI/LEI ha comprato He/she bought NOI abbiamo comprato We bought VOI avete comprato You bought LORO hanno comprato They bought Ieri Julia ha comprato un nuovo vestito.
Julia bought a new dress yesterday.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO sono andato/a I went TU sai andato/a You went LUI/LEI e' andato/a He/she went NOI siamo andati/e We went VOI siete andati/e You went LORO sono andati/e They went Joe e Margaret sono andati in Italia l’inverno scorso.
Joe and Margaret went to Italy last winter.Example 2 Using Essere:
LAVARSI (to wash) IO mi sono lavato/a I washed myself TU ti sai lavato/a You washed yourself LUI/LEI si e' lavato/a He/she washed himself/herself NOI ci siamo lavati/e We washed ourselves VOI vi siete lavati/e You washed yourselves LORO si sono lavati/e They washed themselves Sarah si è lavata dopo andare in campeggio .
Sarah washed herself after camping.[/jaccordion]
- The indicativo imperfetto expresses a habitual, recurring, or ongoing action in the past. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the indicativo imperfetto ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE & -ISC IO avo evo ivo TU avi evi ivi LUI/LEI ava eva iva NOI avamo evamo ivamo VOI avate evate ivate LORO avano evano ivano [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO cantavo I sang TU cantavi You sang LUI/LEI cantava He/she sang NOI cantavamo We sang VOI cantavate You sang LORO cantavano They sang A bambina Julia cantava ogni giorno.
As a kid Julia sang every day.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO correvo I ran TU correvi You ran LUI/LEI correva He/she ran NOI correvamo We ran VOI correvate You ran LORO correvano They ran L’anno scorso Joe e Margaret correvano ogni sabato.
Last year Joe and Margaret ran every Saturday.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO partivo I left TU partivi You left LUI/LEI partiva He/she left NOI partivamo We left VOI partivate You left LORO partivano They left All’università Sarah partiva alle nove per i lezioni.
At university Sarah left at nine for class.[/jaccordion]
- The trapassato prossimo expresses an action that was completed prior to another action that happened in the past. It is formed by combining the indicativo imperfetto form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
AVERE IO avevo + past participle TU avevi + past participle LUI/LEI aveva + past participle NOI avevamo + past participle VOI avevate + past participle LORO avevano + past participle Endings Using Essere:
ESSERE IO ero + past participle TU eri + past participle LUI/LEI era + past participle NOI eravamo + past participle VOI eravate + past participle LORO eravano + past participle [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example Using Avere:
ANDARE (to go) IO ero andato/a I had gone TU eri andato/a You had gone LUI/LEI era andato/a He/she had gone NOI eravamo andati/e We had gone VOI eravate andati/e You had gone LORO erano andati/e They had gone Julia aveva comprato un nuovo vestito.
Julia had already bought a new dress.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO ero andato/a I had gone TU eri andato/a You had gone LUI/LEI era andato/a He/she had gone NOI eravamo andati/e We had gone VOI eravate andati/e You had gone LORO erano andati/e They had gone Joe e Margaret erano andati in Italia.
Joe and Margaret had already gone to Italy.Example 2 Using Essere:
LAVARSI (to wash) IO mi ero lavato/a I had washed TU ti eri lavato/a You had washed LUI/LEI si era lavato/a He/she had washed NOI ci eravamo lavati/e We had washed VOI vi eravate lavati/e You had washed LORO si erano lavati/e They had washed Sarah si era lavata dopo andare in campeggio .
Sarah had already washed herself after camping.[/jaccordion]
- The indicativo futuro expresses an action that will be completed in the future. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the indicativo futuro ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE & -ISC IO erò erò irò TU erai erai irai LUI/LEI erà erà irà NOI eremo eremo iremo VOI erete erete irete LORO eranno eranno iranno [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO canterò I will sing TU canterei You will sing LUI/LEI canterà He/she will sing NOI canteremo We will sing VOI canterete You will sing LORO canteranno They will sing Julia canterà domani.
Julia will sing tomorrow.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO correrò I will run TU correrai You will run LUI/LEI correrà He/she will run NOI correremo We will run VOI correrete You will run LORO correranno They will run Joe e Margaret correranno domani.
Joe and Margaret will run tomorrow.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO partirò I will leave TU partirai You will leave LUI/LEI partirà He/she will leave NOI partiremo We will leave VOI partirete You will leave LORO partiranno They will leave Sarah partirà alle nove per i lezioni.
Sarah will leave at nine for class.[/jaccordion]
- The futuro anteriore expresses an action that will be completed prior to another action in the future. It is formed by combining the indicativo futuro form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
CANTARE (to sing) IO canterò I will sing TU canterei You will sing LUI/LEI canterà He/she will sing NOI canteremo We will sing VOI canterete You will sing LORO canteranno They will sing Example Using Essere:
COMPRARE (to buy) IO avrò comprato I will have bought TU avrai comprato You will have bought LUI/LEI avrà comprato He/she will have bought NOI avremo comprato We will have bought VOI avrete comprato You will have bought LORO avranno comprato They will have bought [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Julia avrà comprato un nuovo vestito.
Julia will have already bought a new dress.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO sarò andato/a I will have gone TU sarai andato/a You will have gone LUI/LEI sarà andato/a He/she will have gone NOI saremo andati/e We will have gone VOI sarete andati/e You will have gone LORO saranno andati/e They will have gone Joe e Margaret saranno andati in Italia.
Joe and Margaret will have already gone to Italy.Example 2 Using Essere:
LAVARSI (to wash) IO mi sarà lavato/a I will have washed TU ti sarai lavato/a You will have washed LUI/LEI si sarà lavato/a He/she will have washed NOI ci saremo lavati/e We will have washed VOI vi sarete lavati/e You will have washed LORO si sarano lavati/e They will have washed Sarah si sarà lavata dopo andare in campeggio .
Sarah will have already washed herself after camping.[/jaccordion]
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD expresses probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture. It can also be used to express wishes, preferences, or polite requests. The conditional mood can take place in the past or present.
- The condizionale presente expresses what one would do or what would happen in a particular situation if a certain condition is met in the present or near future. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the condizionale presente ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE & -ISC IO erei erei irei TU eresti eresti iresti LUI/LEI erebbe erebbe irebbe NOI eremmo eremmo iremmo VOI ereste ereste ireste LORO erebbero erebbero irebbero [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO canterei I would sing TU canteresti You would sing LUI/LEI canterebbe He/she would sing NOI canteremmo We would sing VOI cantereste You would sing LORO canterebbero They would sing Nel mondo ideale Julia canterebbe sul radio.
In an ideal world, Julia would sing on the radio.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO correrei I would run TU correresti You would run LUI/LEI correrebbe He/she would run NOI correremmo We would run VOI correreste You would run LORO correrebbero They would run Joe e Margaret correrebbero fuori se il tempo fosse bello.
Joe and Margaret would run outside if the weather was nice.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO partirei I would leave TU partiresti You would leave LUI/LEI partirebbe He/she would leave NOI partiremmo We would leave VOI partireste You would leave LORO partirebbero They would leave Sarah, finiresti i compiti più veloce?
Sarah, would you finish your homework faster?[/jaccordion]
- The condizionale passato expresses what one would have done or what would have happened in a particular situation if a certain condition had been met. It is formed by combining the indicativo presente form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
AVERE IO avrei + past participle TU avresti + past participle LUI/LEI avrebbe + past participle NOI avremmo + past participle VOI avreste + past participle LORO avrebbero + past participle Endings Using Essere:
ESSERE IO sarei + past participle TU saresti + past participle LUI/LEI sarebbe + past participle NOI saremmo + past participle VOI sareste + past participle LORO sarebbero + past participle [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example Using Avere:
COMPRARE (to buy) IO avrei comprato I would have bought TU avresti comprato You would have bought LUI/LEI avrebbe comprato He/she would have bought NOI avremmo comprato We would have bought VOI avreste comprato You would have bought LORO avrebbero comprato They would have bought Nel mondo ideale Julia avrebbe comprato un nuovo vestito ieri.
In an ideal world Julia would have bought a new dress yesterday.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO sarei andato/a I would have gone TU saresti andato/a You would have gone LUI/LEI sarebbe andato/a He/she would have gone NOI saremmo andati/e We would have gone VOI sareste andati/e You would have gone LORO sarebbero andati/e They would have gone Senza il pandemico, Joe e Margaret saranno andati in Italia l’inverno scorso.
Without the pandemic, Joe and Margaret would have gone to Italy last winter.Example 2 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO mi sarei lavato/a I would have washed TU ti saresti lavato/a You would have washed LUI/LEI si sarebbe lavato/a He/she would have washed NOI ci saremmo lavati/e We would have washed VOI vi sareste lavati/e You would have washed LORO si sarebbero lavati/e They would have washed Se Sarah sia una germofobica, si sarebbe lavata immediatemente.
If Sarah was a germophobe, she would have washed herself immediately.[/jaccordion]
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used in dependent clauses when the main clause contains a verb or phrase expressing an opinion, doubt, emotion, fear, wish, hope, or necessity. The subjunctive mood can take place in the past, present, or future.
- The congiuntivo presente is used in dependent clauses to express a current status or an action happening in the present or future. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the congiuntivo presente ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE -ISC IO i a a isca TU i a a isca LUI/LEI i a a isca NOI iamo iamo iamo iamo VOI iate iate iate iate LORO ano ano ano iscano [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO canti TU canti LUI/LEI canti NOI cantiamo VOI cantiate LORO cantino Penso che Julia canti molto bene.
I think Julia sings very well.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO corra TU corra LUI/LEI corra NOI corriamo VOI corriate LORO corrano È importante che Joe e Margaret corrano ogni giorno..
It is important that Joe and Margaret run every day.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO parta TU parta LUI/LEI parta NOI partiamo VOI partiate LORO partano Sarah spera che il treno parta alle dieci.
Sarah hopes that the train leaves at ten.Example for -ISC:
FINIRE (to finish) IO finisca TU finisca LUI/LEI finisca NOI finiamo VOI finiate LORO finiscano Penso che mia sorella finisca i compiti molto veloce.
I think my sister finishes her homework very fast.[/jaccordion]
- The congiuntivo passato is used in dependent clauses to express a past status or an action that happened in the past. It is formed by combining the congiuntivo presente form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
AVERE IO abbia + past participle TU abbia + past participle LUI/LEI abbia + past participle NOI abbiamo + past participle VOI abbiate + past participle LORO abbiano + past participle Endings Using Essere:
ESSERE IO sia + past participle TU sia + past participle LUI/LEI sia + past participle NOI siamo + past participle VOI siate + past participle LORO siano + past participle [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example Using Avere:
COMPRARE (to buy) IO abbia comprato TU abbia comprato LUI/LEI abbia comprato NOI abbiamo comprato VOI abbiate comprato LORO abbiano comprato Penso che Julia abbia comprato un nuovo vestito ieri.
I think Julia bought a new dress yesterday.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO sia andato/a TU sia andato/a LUI/LEI sia andato/a NOI siamo andati/e VOI siate andati/e LORO siano andati/e Con il pandemico, sono contenta che Joe e Margaret non siano andati in Italia l’inverno scorso.
With the pandemic, I am happy Joe and Margaret did not go to Italy last winter.Example 2 Using Essere:
LAVARSI (to wash) IO mi sia lavato/a TU ti sia lavato/a LUI/LEI si sia lavato/a NOI ci siamo lavati/e VOI vi siate lavati/e LORO si siano lavati/e Credo che Sarah si sia lavata subito dopo andare in compagna.
I believe Sara washed herself immediately after camping.[/jaccordion]
- The congiuntivo imperfetto is used in dependent clauses to express a description (of age, physical characteristics, physical/emotional states, weather conditions, time of day) or habitual, recurring or ongoing actions that took place in the past.
It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the congiuntivo presente ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.[tippy title=”HINT” href=”http://croberts.me/”] The main clause must contain a verb or expression that expresses an opinion, doubt, emotion, fear, wish, hope, or necessity that is conjugated in the indicativo presente, indicativo imperfetto, or condizionale presente.[/tippy]
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE & -ISC IO assi essi issi TU assi essi issi LUI/LEI asse esse isse NOI assimo essimo issimo VOI aste este iste LORO assero essero issero [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) IO cantassi TU cantassi LUI/LEI cantasse NOI cantassimo VOI cantaste LORO cantassero Penso che Julia cantasse molto bene a concerto.
I think Julia sang very well at the concert.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) IO corressi TU corressi LUI/LEI corresse NOI corressimo VOI correste LORO corressero Durante la vacanza era importante che Joe e Margaret corressero ogni giorno.
During vacation it was important that Joe and Margaret ran every day.Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) IO partissi TU partissi LUI/LEI partisse NOI partissimo VOI partiste LORO partissero Non sapevo che Sarah non avesse sentito l’annuncio.
I didn’t know Sarah didn’t hear the announcement.[/jaccordion]
- The congiuntivo trapassato is used in dependent clauses to express status or an action that happened before the action of the main clause. It is formed by combining the congiuntivo imperfetto form of avere or essere with the past participle of the main verb.
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VERB ENDINGS::Endings Using Avere:
AVERE IO avessi + past participle TU avessi + past participle LUI/LEI avesse + past participle NOI avessimo + past participle VOI aveste + past participle LORO avessero + past participle Endings Using Essere:
ESSERE IO fosse + past participle TU fosse + past participle LUI/LEI fossi + past participle NOI fossimo + past participle VOI foste + past participle LORO fossero + past participle [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example Using Avere:
COMPRARE (to buy) ANDARE (to go) IO avessi comprato fosse andato/a TU avessi comprato fosse andato/a LUI/LEI avesse comprato fossi andato/a NOI avessimo comprato fossimo andato/a VOI aveste comprato foste andato/a LORO avessero comprato fossero andato/a Se Julia avesse comprato un nuovo vestito ieri, me lo avrebbe detto.
If Julia had bought a new dress yesterday, she would have told me.Example 1 Using Essere:
ANDARE (to go) IO fosse andato/a TU fosse andato/a LUI/LEI fossi andato/a NOI fossimo andato/a VOI foste andato/a LORO fossero andato/a Pensavo che Joe e Margaret fossero andati in Italia ogni inverno.
I thought Joe and Margaret would go to Italy every winter.Example 2 Using Essere:
LAVARSI (to wash) IO fosse lavato/a TU fosse lavato/a LUI/LEI fossi lavato/a NOI fossimo lavato/a VOI foste lavato/a LORO fossero lavato/a Durante la quarantina era importante che Sarah si fosse lavata ogni giorno.
During the quarantine it was important that Sarah wash herself every day.[/jaccordion]
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD expresses orders, suggestions, or advice. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the imperativo ending corresponding with the proper person and conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
-ARE -ERE -IRE -ISC TU a i i isci NOI iamo iamo iamo iamo VOI ate ete ite ite [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Example for -ARE:
CANTARE (to sing) TU canta NOI cantiamo VOI cantate Julia quando vai al supermercato, compra alcuni pomodori.
When you go to the supermarket, buy some tomatoes.Example for -ERE:
CORRERE (to run) TU corri NOI corriamo VOI correte Joe e Margaret, andate nella vostra stanza!
Joe and Margaret, go to your room!Example for -IRE:
PARTIRE (to leave) TU parti NOI partiamo VOI partite Sarah, lavati le mani!
Sarah, wash your hands!Example for -ISC:
FINIRE (to finish) TU Finisci NOI Finiamo VOI Finite Finiamo i compiti più veloce.
Let’s finish our homework faster.[/jaccordion]
THE PARTICIPLE MOOD expresses the concept of the verb without expressing the tense or the person. Participles can be used with avere and essere to create compound verb tenses, but may also function as a noun or adjective. It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the participio ending corresponding with the proper conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
Infinitive Ending Past Participle Ending ARE ATO ERE UTO IRE ITO [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Parlare (to talk) → Parlato
Vendere (to sell) → Venduto
Dormire (to sleep) → Dormito[/jaccordion]
THE GERUND MOOD expresses a continuous action (similar to –ing in English). It is formed by replacing the end of the infinitive (-ARE, -ERE, or -IRE) with the gerundio ending corresponding with the proper conjugation.
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VERB ENDINGS::
Infinitive Ending Past Participle Ending ARE ANDO ERE ENDO IRE ENDO [/jaccordion]
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EXAMPLES::Parlare (to talk) → Parlando
Vendere (to sell) → Vendendo
Dormire (to sleep) → Dormendo[/jaccordion]